They directly deliver B12 into the bloodstream and ensure that the body absorbs it completely and rapidly
A Vitamin B12 shot is a medical-grade intramuscular injection of cholecalciferol-quality, pure cobalamin (the active form of B12)
Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated an oral bioavailability of 38.4%, with a mean Cmax of 2,252 ng/mL and terminal elimination half-lives of 3.80 1.10 hours (IV) and 6.90 1.20 hours (oral) (Awosemo et al., 2021)
L- Carnitine is produced by the liver and kidneys and helps the body turn fat into energy by elevating certain enzymes that are needed by the body to effectively metabolize sugars, starches and other carbohydrates
Diagnosis (vitamin B12 deficiency or pernicious anaemia) was treated as a binary response in analysis, as everybody in the pernicious anaemia group was also classed as having vitamin B12 deficiency, as pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency